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Table II
Evidence of pathogen/parasite transmission from non-native Bombus and Apis species imported for commercial crop pollination.
| From | To | Pathogen | Location | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B. terrestris | Native conspecifics & congenerics | Nosema bombi | Europe | Schmid-Hempel, 1998 | |
| B. terrestris & B. ignitus | Native conspecifics & congenerics | Locustacarus buchneri | Japan | Goka et al., 2001; Goka, 2006 | |
| B. impatiens | Native conspecifics & congenerics | Crithidia bombi | Canada | Colla et al., 2006; Otterstatter and Thomson, 2008 | |
| A. mellifera | B. terrestris and B. pascuorum | Deformed wing virus | Europe | Genersch et al., 2006 | |
| A. mellifera | B. impatiens | Aethina tumida | North America | Hoffmann et al., 2008* | |
| A. mellifera | B. impatiens** | Aethina tumida | Florida, USA | Spiewok and Neumann, 2006 | |
| A. cerana | A. mellifera | Nosema ceranae | Spain, Europe | Higes et al., 2006 | |
| A. cerana | A. mellifera | Nosema ceranae | Taiwan | Huang et al., 2007 | |
| A. cerana | A. mellifera | Varroa destructor | Asia | Akratanakul and Burgett, 1975; de Jong et al., 1982 |