Free Access
Issue |
Apidologie
Volume 31, Number 4, July-August 2000
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 531 - 541 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2000144 |
DOI: 10.1051/apido:2000144
Apidologie 31 (2000) 531-541
Residues of captan (contact) and difenoconazole (systemic) fungicides in bee products from an apple orchard
Marek Kubika - Janusz Nowackia - Andrzej Pideka - Zofia Warakomskab - Lech Michalczuka - Wodzimierz Goszczyñskia - Beata Dwuzpnika
aInstitute of Pomology and Floriculture, 96-100 Skierniewice, Pomologiczna 18,
Poland
bUniversity of Agriculture, Department of Botany, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
(
Abstract:
Ten bee colonies were placed in the middle of a ten-hectare-apple
orchard at about 10% in bloom. The orchard was sprayed with a mixture of a
contact fungicide, Captan 50WP (active ingredient captan) and a systemic
fungicide, Score 250 EC (active ingredient difenoconazole). The residues of
fungicides in honey, pollen, and bee bread were then measured by gas
chromatography. Honey had very low contamination - 0.0006 mg.kg-1 of
difenoconazole and 0.009 mg.kg-1 of captan. Contamination of pollen was much
higher - about 0.043 and 2.99 mg.kg-1 of difenoconazole and captan,
respectively. The most contaminated was bee bread, 0.27 and 6.39 mg.kg-1 of
difenoconazole and captan, respectively. This finding may be due to some
chemical reactions between difenoconazole and some plant metabolites taking
place in pollen and bee bread. Difenoconazole, a systemic fungicide, penetrates
about 1.66 and 1.16 times more efficiently into honey and bee bread,
respectively, than the contact fungicide captan. But in pollen pellets from
apple, the penetration coefficient was lower than 1. This observation
corroborates the suggestion that in fresh pollen some fungicides may be fixed by
sugars, aminoacids, or even proteins.
Keywords:
honey / pollen / contamination / systemic fungicide / contact fungicide
Correspondence and reprints: Marek Kubik
E-mail: mkubik@insad.isk.skierniewice.pl
Copyright INRA/DIB/AGIB/EDP Sciences